11.Makes cities and human settlements inclusive safe Resilient and sustainable:
More than half the world population now lives in city ,and that figure will go to about two third of humanity by year 2050 .
cities are getting bigger day by day. in 1990, there were 10 megacities with 10 million inhabitants or more . in 2014 their wear 28 megacities home to 453 million people. a lot of people love cities more than villages .they are centres of culture and business and life the thing is they are also often centres of extreme poverty .to make City sustainable for all ,we can create good, affordable public housing
. we can upgrade slum settlements we can invest in public transport ,create green spaces and get a broader range of people involved in urban planning decisions.
12.Ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern:
Some peoples use an Lots of stuff, and some people use a very less amount of stuff ,in fact a big share of world population is consuming too little to meet even their basic needs. it doesn’t have to be this way. we can have a world where everybody gets what they need to survive and thrive. everybody have the rights to get all those things which they really require and which they really need. we can consume in a way that preserves our natural resources so that our children can enjoy them and their children and their children after that continuous for generation. the hard part is how to achieve that goal we can manage our natural resources more efficiently and dispose of toxic waste better. cut paper capital of food waste and half globally.
13.Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts:
Every country in the world is seeing the drastic effect of Climate Change, and some more other effects of climate, on average the annual loses just from earthquake, tsunamis ,tropical cyclones and flooding count in the hundred of billions of dollars. we can reduce loss of life and property by helping more vulnerable regions such as landlocked countries and islands States becoming more Resilient .the impact of global warming is getting worst. we are seeing more Storms more droughts and more extremes than ever before .people lost their homes jobs and many more. it is still possible with political will and technological measure to limit the increase in global mean temperature to 2 degree Celsius above pre industrial level and does avoid the worst effect of climate change. sustainable development goal layout a way for countries to work together to meet this urgent challenges so that no one lose their houses homes and their family members.
14.Conserve and sustainably use the oceans Seas and Marine resources for sustainable development:
The oceans makes human life more possible their temperature, their chemistry, their current, their life forms. For one thing ,more than three millions of people are totally dependent on Marine and coastal diversity for their livelihoods. But today we are seeing nearly one third of the world over exploited fishes stocks. That’s not a sustainable way of life even people leave now where near the ocean can’t live without it oceans observe 30% of carbon dioxide and that human produce, but we are producing more carbon dioxide than ever before and that makes the oceans more acidic 26% more ,since the start of the industrial revolution. Our trash,does not help either thirteen thousand pieces of plastic litter on every square kilometre of Ocean. The sustainable development goal indicate targets for managing and protecting life below water.
15.Protect restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial, ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity:
Humans and other animals rely on other form of life on land for food, clean air water and as a means of combating Climate Change. plant life makes up 80% of the human diet. which cover 30% of Earth’s surface, and helps in keep the air and water clean on the earth climate balance. The land and live on it means the plants animals are in trouble.arable land in disappearing 30 to 35 times faster than it has historically. Desert and spreading. animals breeds are going extinct. we can turn these trends around. the sustainable development goals aims to conserve and restore the use of Terrestrial ecosystem such as forest ,wetlands ,dry lands and mountains by 2020.
16.Promote peaceful and inclusive Societies for sustainable development provide access to justice for all and build effective ,accountable and inclusive Institutions at all levels:
Some regions of the world relative peace and Justice, and may come to take in for granted. but there are also some other regions which seems to be plagued
by armed conflict ,crime ,torture and exploitation, all of which hinders their development. The Goal of peace and Justice is should be same for all the countries to strive towards. Sustainable development goals have to reduce all form of voilance and propose that Government and communities find the lasting solution to conflict and insecurity.
17.Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global partnership for sustainable development:
The world is more interconnected today then ever before days. Because of internet so we should thanks to the internet, travel and global institutions. there is a a growing consensus about the need to work together to stop climate change .the sustainable development goals are no small matter either.one hundred ninety three countries agreed on this goals.
● challenges for India in attaining SDGs:
There are broadly four main areas of concern:
1.Defining Indicators:
Previous record indicates that we have been not very successful in setting relevant indicators to measure the outcomes.
The quality of the education has not been successfully defined. India’s myopic definition of safe drinking water well considered as safe as piped which means that official data suggested 86% of Indians have access to safe drinking water and, as a result, we are on track for the MDG gold on drinking water. The number of waterborne disease and death due to the diarrhoea clearly, indicate this is not the case.
2.Finding SDGs:
A new study at estimates that implementing SDGs in India by 2030 will cost around US$14.4 billion. Union government gave the recent cut in social sector schemes,and unless devote a significant portion of their resources on the social sector, high redistribution and growth itself are also not enough . According to the report of MDG 2014 of United Nation,despite high economic growth,in 2010 , one third of the world’s 1.2 billion extreme poor lived in India alone. It is likely that domestic revenues aside private finance could be a crucial source for financing the SDGs.
- Monitoring and ownership:
Significant challenge is going to be with respect to ownership. reports suggest that national institutions for transforming India Aayog will play a significant role in tracking progress. Members at Aayog have expressed reservations on being able to take on this Mammoth task if states are expected to play a pivotal role it will require ownership not just nationally but also at the state at the local level.
4 . Measuring progress:
Last but the most important question of measuring progress or achievement. By the government on admission non availability of data in respect to sub national travels preriodiCity issues and incomplete coverage of Administrative data made accurate measuring progress of even MDGs Virtually impossible.
While keeping aside this for challenges, it is very important to remember that while SDGs provide broad goals and targets, it will be up to the national and state government to identify priorities decide appropriate locally relevant policies hardness Innovation and ensure that their implementation and monitoring plan is in place..
■ INCLUSIVE GROWTH:
Inclusive growth is a concept that advances equitable opportunities for economic participants during economic growth with benefits incurred by every section of society. According to the organisation for economic cooperation and development. inclusive growth is an economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividend of increase prosperity, both in monetary and non monetary terms, fairly across Society. As per the World bank Rapid and sustained poverty reduction requires inclusive growth that allows people to contribute to and benefit from economic growth. Rapid Pace of growth is unquestionably necessary for sustainable poverty reduction , the definition of inclusive growth implies a direct link between the micro and Macro determinants of growth .the micro dimension captures the importance of structural transformation for economic diversification and competition ,including creative destruction of jobs and firms.
Policies for inclusive growth are an important component of most government Strategies for sustainable growth.
The main instrument for sustainable and inclusive growth is assumed to be productive employment. The ability of individuals to be productivity employed depends on the opportunities to make full use of available resources as the economy evolves over time.The inclusive growth approach takes a longer-term perspective, as the focus is on productive employment as a means of increasing the incomes of poor and excluded groups and raising their standards of living.
● inclusive growth and India:
According to former prime minister Manmohan Singh, the key components of the inclusive growth strategy included a sharp increase in investment in rural areas,
India’s economic performance in recent years has been outstanding in relation to both its own historical record and the global economy. Between 2010 and 2016, for example, annual real gross domestic product growth in India averaged 6.7% despite a relatively weak post-crisis global economy that averaged only 2.7% annual gains. Yet the economic optimism in recent years is now tempered by a growing recognition that many deficiencies in the economy remain deep-seated and if not effectively addressed could undermine future growth.
Some elements of inclusive growth are poverty reduction, Employment generation and increase in quantity and quality of employment ,agriculture development, Industrial Development ,social sector development ,reduction in regional disparities ,protecting the environment and, equal distribution of income.
The policy for inclusive growth includes To subsidies only the lowest income people and not special groups of people. Helping people invest in their own skills and future income. Keeping government in the economy as light as possible, making tax rates low and broad-based. Keeping the ratio of public debt to GDP under control by limiting liabilities . Applying rigorous social cost benefits test to all spending and regulation decision. Aligning responsibilities and resources among level of government namely the state and finally and. Tolerating a measure of inequality during a phase of rapid economic development. In this regard the government has initiated various measure to ameliorate the standard of living of the people and to benefit the people at the lower end of the income distribution through direct intervention by implementing specific poverty reduction and mitigation programs. All the policy initiative of the government which leads to higher GDP growth in the country are likely to contribute individually and collectively in rising the living standard of the common man across the country.
