BRITISH TYPE OF CLIMATE (COOL TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN

10.BRITISH TYPE OF CLIMATE (COOL TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN).

Cool temperate western margins are under the permanent influence of the westerlies all-round the year approx. at 50* N- S

They are also regions of much cyclonic activity, typical of Britain, & are thus said to experience the British type of climate.
🔸️ Distribution:
This type of climate is experienced in western Europe and North America .in North America, the rockies mountain range prevents eastwards extension of this type of climate.
This reason come under permanent influence of Westerlies.
In the southern hemisphere,this type of climate is confined to lower part of Chile, Argentina, Newzealand, and southern island of Australia,called Tasmani.
🔸️ Climate:
This region receives rainfall throughout the year under the influence of Westerlies. the average annual rainfall is nearly 60 – 70cm.

Summers are infact never very warm and temperature above 20*C is rare; winters are abnormally mild & no station record a mean temp. of below freezing point.

Heat waves are a welcome feature in such cool temperate climate.

Account of the warming effect ,some ports even at Higher latitude remain operational throughout the year. the climate of this region is considered more comfortable for physical comfort and mental alertness. favourable climate is considered on the vital reason for high economic development in this region.

Relief can also make great differences in annual rainfall, hence it is difficult to say how much annual rainfall is typical for British type of climate..
🔸️Type of vegetation:
This Region mainly consists of deciduous trees. Confires are found in latitude higher than 50 degree.

The open nature of the forests with sparse undergrowth is highly useful in logging operations as easy penetration means much cost can be saved in movement of the logs.

Higher up the mountains in Scavandian highlands, Rockies and Southern Alps of New Zealand, deciduous trees are generally replaced by conifers which can survive a higher altitude, a lower temperature & poorer soils.

The land in these region are extensively utilized .for example ,in England ,only 4% of land is converd with forest .wheat is the predominant crop grown in this region.
11.COOL TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL (SIBERIAN TYPE OF CLIMATE).

Cool temperate continental (Siberian) climate is only experienced in northern hemisphere, where the continents within the high latitudes have a broad east west spread.
On its poleward side, it merges into Arctic tundra of Canada & Eurasia at around Arctic Circle;
Southwards, the climate becomes less severe & fades into the temperate Steppe climate.
🔸️Distribution:
This type of climate is confined to the northern hemisphere only because in the southern hemisphere, is absence of land mass in these latitude.

Annual range of temperature is quite high due to extremes of temperature observed in this type of climate, as temp. well below freezing point in winters and approx. 15° in summers.

In the northern hemisphere, it is confined to Alaska, Northern part of Canada ,Europe, and Asia region .In Russia , single longest stretch of coniferous forests in the reason is locally called Taiga.
🔸️Climate:
These regions experience very high annual range of temperature. in Russia,the temperature range is in extremes on account of vast geographical extent of these reason and distance from the sea. consequently, the coldest inhabitable place in the world, verkhoyansk,is located in this region.
With low temperatures in cold season, heavy snowfall can be expected, with frost occurring as early as August
By September, most of the lakes & ponds are icebound; with the number of days in which the rivers are frozen, increases from south to north. As these regions are located in the interior of continents, the precipitation rainfall is 36 to 60 CM.the winter precipitation is in the form of Snow. this regions experience bitterly cold winter, and summer temperature is not exceed 10 degree Celsius .in North America and the east west extent of land mass is less ;thus, the temperature variability is also low.
🔸️Type of vegetation:

No other trees are as well adapted as the conifers, to withstand such a severe inhospitable environment as Siberian type of climate.

Coniferous belts of Eurasia & North America are the richest sources of softwood; Used in construction, furniture, matches, paper & pulp, rayon & other chemical products.

USA is the leading producer in the production of wood pulp & Canada in newsprint, accounting for almost half of the world’s production.
On account of high latitudes,these regions are dominated by Coniferous forest .the characteristic feature of Coniferous forests are as follows:
■Coniferous forests are not very less dense.
■ They are conical in shape.
■ Coniferous forests are evergreen because their moisture requirement is low.
■ coniferous forest have homogeneous varieties of trees in one place.
■ There is little undergrowth in this forests. the leaves of these trees, when fall, at little humus to the Soil on account of less mass. Moreover, less availability of sunlight also hampers the development of undergrowth.
These forests can also be put to Commercial use it because these forests are not dense; their wood is light in weight and can be transported through rivers; and these forest carry homogeneous variety of trees at one place.

1. COOL TEMPERATURE EASTERN MARGIN CLIMATE (LAURENTIAN TYPE ).

The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climate is an intermediate type of climate between the British and the Siberian type of climate. It has features of both the maritime and the continental  climate. It is apparent from Fig. 153 that the Laurentian type of climate is found only in two regions.
🔸️ Distribution:
This climate is confined to 45 to 65 degree latitude in the Eastern margin of the continents. in North America, this climate is experienced in Eastern Canada and north-Eastern United states,and in Asia, it is experienced in North -Eastern China and South Eastern Russia.
One is north-eastern North America, in­cluding eastern Canada, north-east U.S.A., (i.e. Maritime Provinces and the New England states), and Newfoundland. This climate is also called laurentian type because this climate is experienced in the laurentian plateau region of Canada.
🔸️Climate:
These region receive rainfall of 50 to 60 CM. The rainfall is mainly on account of monsoon winds.
The annual range of temperature is around 25 degree Celsius. the monthly average temperature of the warmest month is up to 20 degree Celsius.
🔸️Type of vegetation:
The region many has coniferous forest.
The predominant vegetation of the Laurentian type of climate is cool temperate forest. The heavy rainfall, the warm summers and the damp air from fogs, all favour the growth of trees. Generally speaking, the forest-tend to be coniferous north the 50°N. parallel of latitude.
🔸️Human activity:
Lumbering and its associated timber, paper and pulp industries are the most important economic under­taking. Agriculture is less important in view of the severity of the winter and its long duration. Fortunately the maritime influence and the heavy rainfall enable some hardy crops to be raised for local needs.
the important fishing ground of the world are found in this region.some of these fishing Grounds are:
■ coast of Japan.
■ newfoundland in Canada.
The fishing Grounds exist in this reason on account of the following:
■ indented coastline provides calm water for plankton growth. the continental shelves are longer in length.
■ these are the places where cold and warm currents meet .at Newfoundland and in North America the labrador current and the North Atlantic drift meet. at the coast of Japan,the kureishi and bering currents meet.

1. POLAR TYPE CLIMATE (ARCTIC TYPE).
   The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice a year-round, and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice on the surface.
   🔸️Distribution:
   The polar type of climate and vegetation is found mainly north of the Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere. The ice-caps are confined to Greenland and to the highlands of these high-latitude regions, where the ground is permanently snow-covered.
   This region is confined to the north of Arctic circle in the coastal strip of Greenland, northern and Canada, and the northern tip of Asia and Europe.
   🔸️Climate: the range of temperature is very wide, with monthly average temperature of the warmest month up to 10 degree Celsius and the coldest month below -40 degree Celsius.
   The polar climate is characterized by a very low mean annual temperature and its warmest month in June seldom rises to more than 50°F. In mid-winter (January) temperatures are as low as -35°F. and much colder in the interior.
   At the North Pole, there are six months without light in winter. Despite the long duration of sunshine in summer, when the sun does not set, temperatures remain low because the sun is low in the sky and much of the warmth of its faint rays is either reflected by the ground snow, or used up in melting the ice. The predominant vegetation consists of legs hands and masses this vegetation is lichens and mosses.this vegetation is locally called Thunder in Russia. Arctic Tundra is found in the far northern hemisphere, north of the Taiga belt.
2. 🔸️ Human life:
   Human activities of the tundra are largely con­fined to the coast. Where plateaux and mountains increase the altitude, it is uninhabitable, for these are permanently snow-covered. The few people who live in the tundra live a semi-nomadic life and have to adapt themselves to the harsh environment. In Greenland North Canada and Alaska the tribal people ,Eskimos ,live.their homes are called igloos.the igloos are dome -shaped house,typically built from block of solid snow.
   Important mineral have been discovered in this region. it is estimated that more than 40% of global reserves of oil are confined to this reason
3. 14.ALPINE TYPE OF CLIMATE.
4. One simple definition is the climate which causes trees to fail to grow due to cold.
5. the alpine climate proper which occurs when the mean biotemperature of a location is between 1.5 and 3 °C .
   This type of climate is found on the mountains. depending on the latitude and altitude ,various type of vegetation exist over mountains slopes.
   Deciduous forests are found at the foothills of the Himalayas. At even higher elevation are meadows ,and at the top of high Himalayas is the polar type of vegetation.
   On the other hand,the coniferous type of vegetation is found at the foothills of the Alps, and at Higher elevation of the alps is the polar type of vegetation.