3.TROPICAL MARINE CLIMATE:
A tropical marine climate is a tropical climate that is primarily influenced by the ocean. It is usually experienced by islands and coastal areas 10° to 20° north and south of the equator. There are two main seasons in a tropical marine climate: the wet season and the dry season.
🔸️ Distribution:
This type of climate is confined to the Eastern part of the continents and tropical regions.
🔸️ climate:
However,70% of rainfall is concentrated during the month of Summer because the rate of evaporation is high in summer .the average annual rainfall experienced in this climate is nearly 150 cm. These region comes under the influence of trade winds, thus receive steady rainfall throughout the year.
The range of temperature varies from 20 degree Celsius to 27 degree Celsius.
🔸️ human life: comparison with tropical monsoon:
People living in Tropical Monsoon Climate have adapted to the changes according to their climatic conditions: 1) They have become more dependent on cultivation and agricultural activities as compared to the people living in dessert or eastern lands. Due to study rainfall on account of trade winds the climate is is more favourable for habitation .however ,this climate is experienced in regions that are prone To severe tropical cyclones ,earthquakes ,and volcanoes.
🔸️Type of vegetation:
The majority of vegetation in the tropical Marine climate is mainly of deciduous type with some evergreen forest if we compare the vegetation of Tropical Marine and tropical monsoon type of climate then evergreen forest are more prevalent in the Marine type of climate.
4.SAVANNAH OR SUDAN TYPE OF CLIMATE:
Savanna or Sudan climate is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests and trade wind hot deserts. It is confined within the tropics (Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and is best developed in Sudan, where dry and wet climate are most distinct, hence named Sudan climate.
🔸️Distribution:
This type of climate is confined to 10 -30° north and South and the central part of the continents.
The Savanna climate has a temperature range 18°-30°C,in Winter it is usually 18°- 25 °C and in summer the temperature ranges from 25 to 30 degree Celsius.
🔸️ Climate:
The temperature range in this region is higher than monsoon and Marine type of climate on account of low humidity and large distance from sea.
The average annual rainfall is 75 cm.
This region comes under the influence of trade winds ,which get partially dry by the time they reach the central region of the continents.
🔸️Type of vegetation:
Savannah are generally known as Tropical Grassland, but it is rather misleading as trees are always present with luxuriant tallgrass.
This region is characterized by long grass and scattered short trees and bushes. thus these region consists of grasslands. grass is long and coarse with long roots to absorb water from the soil. the average height of grass is 16 to 12 feet .sometimes, the grass is as tall as 15 feet and is known as elephant grass.
In between long grasses are scattered short trees and low bushes. Trees are deciduous, short in height, and with broad trunks .as the rainfall diminished towards the Western side of continent ,the Savanna vegetation merges with the desert vegetation.
The grassland in this climate zone are known locally by different name. in South America ,the grassland to the north of equator is called Llanos in Columbia and Venezuela grassland to the south of the equator in Brazil is famous as campos.
5.DESERT TYPE OF CLIMATE.
Desert climate is a type of of climate where precipitation is generally less than 250 millimetres a year. Low rainfall is a feature of deserts such as the Arabian, central Australia and the Sahara. It is a feature of continental interiors, the western sides of continents, and the leeward side of tall mountain ranges. Parts of the Arctic and Antarctic have arid climates even though they are cold.
🔸️ Distributions:
Major desert of the world such as Sahara Kalahari ,Namibia,and atacama are formed on account of this type of climate.atacama desert is the driest desert of the world because it is situated in the rain shadow region of Andes mountains range.
This type of climate is confined to 10 -30° north and South in the central part of the continents.this type of climate arises because by the time trade winds reach the Western side of the continents they are almost dry..
🔸️Climate : tropical deserts receive the maximum insolation in the world account of cloudless sky. the maximum rays of the sun are in equatorial regions. the insolation in this regions is blocked by the clouds.
Relative humidity in desert region is less than 30 degree.
Average rainfall in desert region is less than 15 cm. moreover ,the rainfall occurs and and unpredictable manner. The annual as well as diurnal range of temperature in desert reason is very high,which is nearly 20°C. The sand gets very hot during the day and very cold .
🔸️Type of vegetation:
Cactus is the most common type of plant or shrub found in nearly all the deserts of the world. Desert biome is classified into 4 types, viz., Coastal desert, cold desert, semiarid desert, and hot and dry desert.
Desert vegetation is characterized by:
Long roots and well spaced plants to gather moisture.
Leathery and waxy stems ,which prevent deposits and of deserts and on plants.
Thick stem to store water.
Entirely leafless plants with Thorns to prevent water loss on account of transpiration.
6 . MID -LATITUDE DESERT :
Midlatitude deserts occur between 30° and 50° N. and S., poleward of the subtropical highpressure zones. These deserts are in interior drainage basins far from oceans and have a wide range of annual temperatures. The Sonoran Desert of southwestern North America is a typical midlatitude desert.
🔸️Distribution :
Important mid -latitude desert that is 40 to 50 degree latitude in both northern and Southern hemisphere of the world are gobi deserts and patagonian desert.
🔸️Climate:
The midlatitude desert is considered an arid climate in which the total annual precipitation is less than half the annual potential evapotranspiration. these regions come under the influence of westerlies. by the time westerlies reach these regions westerlies are almost dry because this region are in the Eastern part of the continents.
Gobi deserts is located on the eastern part of the Eurasian land mass. by the time westerlies reach Eastern margin of The Eurasian land mass ,westerlies are almost to dry.
Patagonia desserts emerges because it comes under the rain Shadow region on account of Andes mountain range.
7.MEDITERRANEAN TYPE OF CLIMATE/WARM TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATE.
The warm temperate western margin climate or the Mediterranean climate is found between 30o and 45o North and South of the Equator. This climate is witnessed in relatively fewer parts of the world and is almost entirely confined to the western margins of the continental landmasses.
🔸️Distribution: Geographically,this type of climate is mainly experienced in part of Africa and Europe and adjoining Mediterranean sea.
It is confined to 30 °-40° latitude in both Northen and Southern hemisphere of the western part of the continents.
Southern Australia (in southern Victoria and
in northern hemisphere pressure belts shift upwards. as a result ,the Mediterranean region comes under the influence of trade winds. as the Mediterranean region is located on the Western margin of the continents by the time trade winds reach this region,the wind get dry. During winter and Southern hemisphere, pressure belts shift Southwards. this region comes under the influence of westerlies ,which bring to this region .
The heat is intense and the days are excessively warm.
In the interiors, prolonged droughts are common. The relative humidity is generally low.
🔸️Type of vegetation:
The vegetation of the region is not luxuriant.
Trees are with small broad leaves and are widely spaced.
The absence of shade is a peculiar feature of this climate and the growth is almost restricted to autumn and spring.
Plants are in a continuous struggle against heat, dry air, excessive evaporation and prolonged droughts.
Hence they are generally xerophytic or drought resistant in nature.
The Mediterranean region is rich in orchard farmimg and is the largest producer of citrus fruits and wines. Italy is the largest producer of grapes and wine.
They are found only in climatically suitable regions with rainfall over 25inches and are open woodlands with evergreen oaks.
Wheat is the leading crop of this region.it is grown during winter in this region..
8.TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL (STEPPE) CLIMATE.
Climate is continental with extremes of temperature.
Summers are very warm in North America.
Winters are very cold in the continental steppes of Eurasia.
In Southern hemisphere, steppe type of climate is never severe because of moderating effects of oceans.
Occasional depressions of Westerlies bring little precipitation and in the form of snow, in Winters.
In Southern hemisphere, annual precipitation is more because of maritime influence.
🔸️Distribution :
This region is located in the central margins of the continents in 30 -40° latitude belt.
In the northern hemisphere, grasslands are entirely continental and extensive.
In Eurasia, they are called Steppes stretched from shores of Black sea eastwards to foothills of Altai Mountains.
🔸️Climate:
This regions come under the influence of the Westerlies .the annual average rainfall is nearly 50cm with more rainfall in summer.
🔸️Type of vegetation:
Vegetation in this region consists of large grassland with no trees .the virtual absence of trees is on account of less rainfall.
Towards equator, steppe grass becomes shorter and sparser, till it merges into the desert with thorny scrub.
With an increase in precipitation polewards, it gives rise to wooded steppes.
When the average rainfall is higher than 50 cm the grass is nutritious,green and tall. when the rainfall is less than 50 cm ,the grass is yellow ,sparse, and shorter.
These temperate grassland are known by different names in different parts of the world, such as :
• North America–prairies .
• south Africa — velds.
• Argentina –pampas.
• Eurasian –steppes.
•Australia — downs.
Due to the lack of trees, wind blow very fast in this region.to obstruct the flow of winds,People plant trees outside their houses in rural areas.
9.WARM TEMPERATE EASTERN MARGIN (CHINA TYPE OF CLIMATE).
The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate is typified by a warm moist summer and a cool, dry winter. The mean monthly temperature varies between 40°F. and 78°F. and is strongly modified by maritime influence.
🔸️ Distribution:
Type of climate is found on the eastern margin of the continents in warm temperate latitude.(30-45° latitude).
in fact, the climate of most parts of China—a modified form of monsoonal climate. It is thus also called the Temperate Monsoon or China Type of climate. In south-eastern U.S.A., bordering the Gulf of Mexico, continental heating in summer induces an inflow of air from the cooler Atlantic Ocean.
Most part of China ,gulf of Mexico, and South-eastern USA bordering Mexico experienced this type of climate.
🔸️Climate:
This type of climate, the rainfall is maximum during summer an account of monsoon. This climate is also called temperate monsoon type of climate. the Eastern margin of the continents receive maximum rainfall,and the rainfall continues to decrease towards the west.
the penetration of cold air from the continental interiors may bring down the temperature to freezing point. Though frosts are rare they occasionally occur in the colder interiors. For most of the time, it is pleasantly warm. The relative humidity is a little high in midsummer when the heat becomes oppressive and can be very trying to the white settlers, e.g. in Natal. In South America ,this type of climate is called natal type of climate .the region in South America recieve rainfall mainpy on account of trade winds and the monsoon rainfall is minimal .
the annual average range of temperature is between 5°C and 26°C.
🔸️Type of vegetation:
The tree vegetation is mainly of deciduous type, similar to tropical monsoon forests. Coniferous vegetation is confined to high lands.
he eastern margins of warm temperate latitudes have a much heavier rainfall than either the western margins or the continental interiors and thus have a luxuriant vegetation. The lowlands carry both evergreen broad-leaved forests and deciduous trees quite similar to those of the tropical monsoon forests.
🔸️Human life:
Intense heating in ‘the heart of Asia’ sets up a region of low pressure in summer and the tropical Pacific air stream is drawn in as the rain-bearing South-East Monsoon. Heavy precipitation occurs in most parts of China, decreasing inland. As the region experience sufficient rainfall, it is considered suitable for agriculture and hence is densely populated.
🔸️Agriculture:
In the United States, which is grown in this region. the United States is the largest producer of maize.These areas are major rice producers. China is the largest producer of rice in the world.