9.DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE. Distribution of temperature across the latitude over the surface of the earth is called its horizontal distribution. Distribution of temperature is shown on a map with the help of isotherms, Which are imaginary lines joining places having the same temperature .they are generally parallel to the latitudes. however ,there are deviations from the normal the trend ,specially in the month of January and July. Isotherms are the line connecting point that have an equal temperature. The Deviation is less in the southern hemisphere because water helps moderating influence on temperature. In northern hemisphere.while in the month of January, the isotherm shifts northwards over the oceans and southwards over continents ,while in July isotherms ships southwards over the Ocean and northwards over continents.
10.TEMPERATURE INVERSION.
In meterology,an inversion also known as a temperature inversion. Is a deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude. The air at the earth surface is hot because the hotness of air is on account of transfer of heat from the Earth. At times situations are reversed and temperature start to increase with height this phenomenon of increase in temperature with height is called inversion of temperature.
Inversion of temperature occurs mainly in two situation:
🔸️ during winter Nights, because the earth radiates most of its heat by early morning the bottom layer of the air cannot be further heated as the earth has already radiated its heat. An Inversion traps air pollution, such as smog coming close to the ground. Inversion can also suppress Convection by acting as a” cap”. The inversion on account of this reason occurs only during winter over equatorial regions but it is throughout the year over poles where the heat radiated by the earth is far less.
🔸️ temperature in version takes place in the hills especially during night the inversion occurs because cold air being heavy and dance moves down the slope of Mountain to pile up in valleys is phenomena is called air drainage. The cold air almost acts like water and moves down the slope to pile up deeply in pockets Valley bottoms With warm air above. This is called air drainage.
11.LATITUDINAL AIR CIRCULATION.
Latitudinal circulation is the result of higher solar radiation per unit area falling on the tropics. Atmospheric circulation is the large scale movement of air by which heat is distributed on the surface of the earth. The large scale movement occurs both across latitudes and longitudes. latitudinal air circulation refers to the circulation of air between two latitudes over the surface of the earth latitudinal air circulation comprises 3 cell hadley cell cell, Ferrel cell and polar cell. These three cell exist in both Northern and Southern hemispheres. The first cell is called hardely cell.
What is hardely cell?
The first cell is called hardly cell equator the ground is intensely heated by the sun these cause the air to rise create a low pressure zone on the earth surface.
What is ferrel cell?
It occurs at Higher latitudes (between 30 degree and 60 degreeNand 30 degree and 60 degreeS)..
What is Polar cell?
At the pole air is cooled and sinks towards the ground forming high pressure ,is known as polar high..
12.PATTERN OF WINDS.
Wind pattern is also known as ‘general circulation’. Wind blows from high pressure to low pressure reasons.on Account of rotation of the earth ,wind tends to deflect towards their right in the Northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. Which is known as “Ferrel’ law “. Wind are known by the direction from which they originates. For instant wind originating from the north east direction are called North East wind. Winds originating from the Sea towards the land are called sea breeze.sea Breeze or onshore breeze is any wind that blows from a large body of water toward or on to a land mass;
13.PLANETARY WINDS.
Planetary or permanent wind blow from high pressure belts to low pressure belt the same direction throughout the year.
▪️ trade winds
Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the equatorial low pressure belt. Due to coriolis force, trade wind is a strong that blow all the time towards the equator and then to the west. These wind deflect towards their right in the Northern hemisphere and left side in the southern hemisphere . these winds are called north-east trade winds in the northern hemisphere and south-east trade winds in the southern hemisphere.
Trade winds are called so because a similar wind pattern occurs in Southern hemisphere;these winds blow from southeast towards the northwest And descend near 30 degree south latitude. Trade wind are so named because because ships have historically taken advantage of them to aid their journey between Europe and the americans.
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▪️westerlies
The westerlies are strongest in the winter hemisphere and times when the pressure is lower over the poles, while they are weakest in the summer hemisphere and when pressures are higher over the poles. The westerlies are particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, in areas where land is absent, because land amplifies the flow pattern, making the current more north-south oriented, slowing the westerlies.the westerlies blow from the subtropical high- pressure belt to the temperate low pressure belt.in the northern hemisphere ,they are called south westerlies . Westerlies transfer heat from low latitude to high latitudes and thus have warming effect.while moving above ocean, the amount of rainfall reduces in the temperate region from the west to the east direction. This wind blow at variable speed due to obstructions by land mass. In Southern hemisphere on account of lesser land mass please wind flow with great force and are known by various name depending on the latitudes such as” roaring 40s “,”Furious 50s”,and “Stormy 60s” on 40°s,50°s,60°s, respectively.
▪️Polar easterlies.
The polar easterlies are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow around the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles.it blows from the polar high pressure belt to the temperature low-pressure belt.polar easterlies brings cold wind from the polar region to the temperature regions and thus having cooling effect. As polar easterlies are in cold nature,these winds have minimal water vapour carrying capacity. These winds are called polar easterlies because they start from the polar regions and from the east direction.
